Human Resources

Q. 1 Write down the distinction between Personnel the board and Human Resource the board. Ans. Qualification between Personnel the executives and Human Resources the board The historical backdrop of Human Resources the executives follows its underlying foundations to the past Personnel the board that was predominant in the organizations of a couple of decades prior. In spite of the fact that the two terms ‘Personnel Management’ and ‘Human Resources Management’ are reciprocally utilized by a large portion of the creators, there are key differentiators that make Personnel Management (PM) not quite the same as Human Resources Management (HRM). HRM is unmistakably founded on the establishment of social science information identifying with the treatment of representatives to propel authoritative objectives. The center is increasingly proactive methodology and focuses on representative fulfillment and joy. Business objectives and destinations and the techniques that will empower this to happen are the establishment for HRM. The essential way of thinking is driven by the Theory Y approach where the conviction is that individuals like to work and don't favor t be managed and made to perform. The worker turns into a hero for the association and its item/administration. PM is that administration style that manages the control and responsive critical thinking way to deal with settle worker issues in an associations. The way of thinking for the PM approach depended on the Theory X approach that accepted that individuals don't normally prefer to work and should be pressured to work and regularly should be headed to work. Is more the ‘stick’ approach instead of ‘carrot’ approach. Inflexible principles of do’s and dont’s exist and these give the system to employee’s conduct at the work environment. Representative government assistance and formal complaint frameworks assume a huge job here and in this manner overseeing mechanical relations with high measure of worker's guild movement are featured. Not very many associations today practice this style to individuals the board, as the advantages and the drawn out additions from a HRM approach, sway business results unmistakably more. HRM underscores on preparing, as a significant region of individuals the board, which covers the accompanying angles: 1. Expanding profitability 2. Improving quality 3. Improving hierarchical atmosphere 4. Guaranteeing staff development and so on. Q. Compose a note on extent of HR in India. Ans. Extent of HR in India Contrary to these powers, in India the proprietor administrator/government/open part chief was an industry symbol and a national legend of sorts. The Personnel Management rehearses were prevailing of the ‘brick-and-motor’ industry. Despite the fact that the methodology was to a great extent government assistance arranged and receptive in nature it served adequately for the enormous PSU associations that manufactured the country’s establishment. Its just in the previous 10-12 years with the enormous development by virtue of the IT business that unavoidable trends started to blow. It was generally the appearance of the Information Technology time in India that carried with it the western administration rehearses. MNC’s (global organizations) fired up their tasks in India. The FDI (outside direct speculation) went up steeply as the world saw the potential in the country’s HR. India turned into a favored area for MNC’s fundamentally from the USA, trailed by other created nations. The brought forth another age of the board just as HRM rehearses. New recruiting strategies, better approaches for paying pay rates, new business terms and above all expanded spotlight on singular execution and results. There was accentuation on expectations and connecting individual and group execution to business results and achievement. Given the profoundly instructed workforce there was a de-accentuation in the job of the worker's organizations. The time of the worker's organization predominance offered path to the new request of individual arranged compensations and terms and plainly execution connected evaluation frameworks. Another change that the Indian work environment saw was the emphasis on morals and moral practices in working together. It was not out of the question to anticipate that with the feeble lawful framework, it required the help of the administration arrangements and the corporate strategies to beat the defilement that existed. This has essentially added to India developing as a favored goal for working together. The entirety of this has respected offer path to the introduction of the ‘professional manager’ Professional supervisors today are a basic and fundamental piece of the Indian corporate. The expert supervisor achieved a move in the way of life from a profoundly tyrant approach of completing work, to an increasingly cooperative and participative methodology. The business visionaries who prior worked in a protected, shielded market and barely face difficulties, were tested by the globalization that cleared in with the advancement approaches and measure got by the Indian government late 1995 and onwards. In spite of the difficulties, the Indian worker and his chief advanced. Together they ventured up to confront the test head-on and to win in India as well as all inclusive. The switches of (an) ease, (b) exceptionally talented, and (c) English as the mechanism of instruction and it being the corporate-language: were the key drivers that empowered the progression of worldwide business to India. There was exponential development in business both straightforwardly (employments in the global and household organizations) just as in a roundabout way (as help ventures like vehicle, providing food and auxiliary enterprises). The concurrent speculation of the legislature in building the fundamental framework did a lot of giving driving force towards making more employments for the individuals of the nation. Consequently, human relations development in India has advanced contrastingly when contrasted with what we find in the created economies of the USA and the UK. What is as of now going about as a confinement is the improved mindfulness on the requirement for research based HRM rehearses. While there is a great deal of work occurring in the Indian instruction framework to advance this, it will take some time before it can make an unmistakable group of information that is referenceable. Until further notice the business depends on copying westerns HR rehearses and redoing on a case by case reason for the Indian enterprise. For the rest the business gatherings and consortiums like the NASSCOM go about as a center uniting associations all the time to examine difficulties and offer prescribed procedures and recognize available resources o beat them together. So far this has been effective and attempting to the benefit of the Indian corporate. Driving MNC research and counseling firms like Mercer and Hewitt too add to the business through doing research and sharing reports all the time. The methodology anyway stays systematic and less prescriptive. Q. 3 Explain the basic strides in Human Resource Planning framework. Ans. We will endeavor to examine in subtleties the basic advances that are a piece of the above framework. A. Motivation behind Human Resource Planning: Human Resource Planning satisfies individual just as authoritative objectives. What it basically sums to is â€Å"striking a balance† between the future HR needs and the future undertaking needs. Furthermore, this is finished with the away from of augmenting the future rate of return in HR. Also, this target might be set down for a present moment (I. e. for one year). B. Evaluating/Forecasting the future Manpower Requirements: the initial phase in the process is to show up at the ideal hierarchical structure at a given point in time. Mapping this structure with the current structure helps in distinguishing the hole in assets necessity. The number and sort of representatives required must be resolved. Notwithstanding the structure there are various outer variables that influence this assurance. They incorporate business estimates, contender procedure, development plans, item/abilities blend changes, benefit/income development projections, notwithstanding the executives reasoning and government arrangements. This progression likewise incorporates an investigation of the outside work/ability condition, its socioeconomics, request/gracefully of the necessary ability, and cost contemplations. C. Evaluating Human Resources: Once the future human asset needs are assessed, the following stage is to decide the current flexibly of labor assets. This is done through what is called â€Å"Skills Inventory†. An aptitudes stock contains information about each employee’s abilities, capacities, work inclinations and different things of data which demonstrate his value to the organization. Aptitudes stock are additiona lly alluded to as competency word references. This data is typically held as a component of the presentation the executives framework with the HR division. This progression in the HRP framework recognizes the current profile of the labor and its effectiveness. It helps feature where the association is versus where it should be. The progression finishes up with distinguishing clear holes in the abilities/labor blend required to meet the forthcoming business goals. D. Occupation Analysis: After having chosen what number of people would be required, it is important to set up a vocation investigation. The recorded subtleties of preparing, aptitudes, capability, capacities, experience and duties, and so on varying for an occupation are examined. Occupation examination incorporates the planning of sets of expectations and employment determinations. E. Building up a Human Resource Plan: This progression alludes t the turn of events and usage of the human asset plan, which comprises in discovering the wellsprings of work gracefully with the end goal of utilizing these sources. Some significant contemplations now are: †¢ Specific jobs/disciplines being employed for, of them which jobs are urgent for the business †¢ Competencies and capacities required †¢ Manager versus representative employing †¢ Hire inside versus Outer sourcing †¢ Planning for new abilities through preparing existing staff versus recruiting new groups †¢ In c

Stephens Journey to Maturation in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young

Stephen's Journey to Maturation in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce  In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the creator James Joyce utilizes the improvement of Stephen from a touchy youngster to an insubordinate youngster to build up the plot of the novel. In this novel, Joyce proposes that through Stephen's encounters with religion, sexuality and instruction, Stephen turns out to be increasingly full grown as well as rouse him to reclassify his reality and his comprehension of his actual sentiments about workmanship. Religion, other than the viable requirement for food and asylum is one of the most impressive drives throughout Stephen's life. Religion fills in as Stephen's direction and friend in need yet it is likewise liable for his tormented youth and diverting him from his imaginative turn of events. As a youngster experiencing childhood in an exacting Catholic family, Stephen is raised to be a decent Catholic kid who will follow the educating of Catholism as his direction in his life. The seriousness of his family is demonstrated when his mom lets him know either to apologize (4) or the falcons will come and pull out his eyes (4). Stephen is instructed by his mom to be open minded when she [tells] him not to talk with the harsh young men in the school (5). Thus, Stephen's dad likewise showed him a Catholic quality by telling Stephen never to peach on an individual' (6). Proof of Stephen following the never to peach (6) quality is indicated when Stephen makes a deal to avoid telling on Wells for driving him into a dump. Nonetheless, as Stephen develops into his immaturity, religion turns into his friend in need instead of his direction. As Stephen's family condition decays, he considers ministry to be an approach to get away from destitution and disgrace. Truth be told, ministry is an open door for Stephen's own benefit... ...lly as [he] can, utilizing for [his] resistance the main arms [he] permit [himself] to utilize - quiet, outcast, and crafty (226-269). By talking about how training influences Stephen from a youngster to a youngster, Joyce has demonstrated the peruser Stephen's advancement as a craftsman and person. The epic, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a personal history of James Joyce who conveys the compelling perspectives throughout his life and his imaginative improvement to the peruser through the eyes of the anecdotal character of Stephen Dedalus. In the novel, Stephen's excursion to development and to turn into a craftsman is affected by his religion, sexuality and training. However, Stephen can beat the obstructions result from these viewpoints and experience his life to its fullest.  Work Cited Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 1916. New York: Penguin,1993. Â

Gender stereotypes Free Essays

Sexual orientation generalizations allude to the characterisation of gatherings dependent on their fundamental sex characteristic as male or female. The sexual orientation based generalizations are the streamlined assessments of male and female gatherings that are shared by the network, a culture, a general public. The assessments ordinarily envelop the characteristics of physical ability, mental state, character, interests and conduct. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sexual orientation generalizations or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now (Hogg Vaughan, 2008) These attributions could be founded on certainty that, for example, the distinctions in the physiological and hormonal qualities of guys and females. In any case, the assessments might be exaggerated. The other characteristic assessments may not be bolstered by proof. (Myers, 2008) The nature and wellspring of generalizations lead to two ramifications. One ramifications is on the positive or negative effect of sexual orientation generalizations. Ladies as enthusiastic and men as normal could be sure when considered as qualities yet these generalizations could likewise be negative when used to separate or bar in the work environment and in different circumstances. Different ramifications is the non-prescient estimation of these generalizations over the individual characteristics of individuals from the gathering. While ladies are generalized as enthusiastic and men are generalized as objective, these are not really the center qualities all things considered or guys. In any case, sexual orientation generalizations are unavoidable in various societies and structure some portion of everyday lives. All things considered, sexual orientation generalizations structure during the growing up years (Hogg Vaughan, 2008). Procured sex generalizations create nearby sexual orientation jobs, impact sex jobs and are strengthened by sex jobs. Understanding the variables that cultivate the advancement of sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs give the key territories in impacting the turn of events or in changing the generalizations and sex jobs created during youth. Kids experiencing the formative stages are presented to various components that impact their advancement of sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs. Two of the most inescapable effects on the advancement of sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs in kids are parental impact and media impact. The soonest presentation of youngsters to the importance of sexual orientation and sex contrasts is from guardians. During the advancement stage, youngsters admire their folks in creating recognitions, convictions and mentalities towards different perspectives including sexual orientation attributes and jobs. (Erkes Trautner, 2000) Gender socialization is one idea that clarifies parental effect on the improvement of sex generalizations and sexual orientation jobs in youngsters. Sex socialization is the procedure that encourages intelligent learning of specific practices considered as adequate for guys and females dependent on social-social convictions and qualities (Hogg Vaughan, 2008; Myers, 2008). The various desires for guys and females construct generalizations that are strengthened by how these are claimed from youngsters by their folks, The perspectives of guardians towards their kids, as far as the support of gendered exercises and interests, impact the improvement of sexual orientation generalizations and jobs (Eckes Trautner, 2000). One appearance of parental mentalities towards sex is separation through hues and examples (Cunningham, 2001). As ahead of schedule as the pregnancy, the baby’s room is structured and outfitted by the normal sex of the child. At the point when children are conceived, guardians purchase things, for example, garments and different things relying upon the sexual orientation of their kid. Normally, pink is the shading for female infants and blue for male children. Flower and other comparable examples are purchased for young ladies while vehicles and truck prints are assigned for young men. Dolls are ordinarily for young ladies and vehicles or trains for young men. These mentalities and practices of guardians impart contrasts among guys and females along with desires on the simultaneous perspectives and conduct of their male or female youngsters. Another appearance of parental impact is the tasks accepted by guardians and alloted to their youngsters (Cunningham, 2001). For the most part, young ladies have more tasks inside the family unit. Moms for the most part get help from girls. Children are likewise doled out tasks however these usually relate to work, for example, lifting or other manual work. These gendered mentalities and practices of guardians apply impact during socialization with their kids who are responsive to the unequivocal and certain messages imparted to them (Eckes Trautner, 2000) As they become mindful of sexual orientation contrasts, they likewise create male and female generalizations. Simultaneously, they likewise begin to accept sexual orientation jobs. Parental impact during the advancement stages is the way in to the improvement of sex personality. Sexual orientation generalizations and jobs obtained during youth are probably going to be held in the long haul. Parental recognizable proof is another idea that clarifies parental impact as a factor adding to the advancement of sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs in youngsters. Parental recognizable proof is the way toward disguising he characteristics of guardians and the oblivious reiteration of the recognitions, mentalities and conduct of guardians by kids (Hogg Vaughan, 2008). Male youngsters disguise the watched qualities of their dads and female kids disguise the properties of their moms. The sex generalizations shared and showed by guardians and the sexual orientation jobs expected by the guardians establish signs of the properties of guys and females. Financial foundation impact the degree of ge ndered characteristics of guardians. Aside from a normal higher instructive level for families with higher earnings, sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs is connected to monetary status. In creating nations with high destitution rates, sexual orientation generalizing and sex jobs are solid. Male inclination is attached to desires for greater pay. Manual work, which is the dominating work, is assigned to guys. Residential errands are alloted to females. In created nations, female youngsters will in general have lesser limitations as far as anticipated jobs. By and by, different factors, for example, instructive accomplishment of guardians decide the gendered properties saw from guardians. Parental impact adds to the advancement of sexual orientation generalizations and sex jobs in kids through the procedures of sex socialization and parental distinguishing proof with kids getting mindful of sex contrasts through the perspectives and practices of guardians. The media alludes to a wide scope of scenes including TV, gaming comforts, cell phones, and the Internet. Introduction of youngsters to media has expanded in the course of recent years. An ongoing overview indicated that half of the youngsters under the ages of 5-7 have TVs inside their rooms that they can utilize whenever without parental management. Family units with a gaming console have additionally ascended from 67 to 85 percent. Kids in this age bunch additionally progressively own cell phones. Each one of every five youngsters between 5-7 years of age can get to the Internet in their homes without management from their folks. These help the solid impact of media on kids during the advancement years. There are advantages and drawbacks to the presentation of youngsters to media. The advantages incorporate fortification and backing for scholastic learning. The Internet has become a virtual reference book for kids. Another advantage is social learning. In any case, the advantages are not supreme and generally rely upon the sort of media content introduction (Villani, 2001). The drawback is the unfavorable effects on observations, mentalities, character and conduct from the media substance and absence of parental oversight to sedate media impact. Media has an impact on the advancement needs of small kids relying upon the media content and the disguise of this substance. Sexual orientation generalizing and sex jobs are formative zones unequivocally influenced by media. Sex socialization additionally happens through media impact. Sexual orientation socialization through media alludes to the collaboration among youngsters and media content introduced in different settings (Hogg Vaughan, 2008; Myers, 2008). The idea of association includes the declaration of messages relating to sexual orientation by media substance and method of conveyance. Kids disguise these messages to impact their improvement of thoughts on sexual orientation, which along with their encounters, influence the advancement of sex generalizations and sex jobs. Motion pictures and TV programs include a media all the more prominently available to kids. At the point when media depict gendered messages lines up with their genuine encounters, at that point media turns into a support of their attention to gendered implications. On the off chance that media depiction varies from their encounters, at that point different impacts, for example, peers and the school become intervening variables in the improvement of observations about sexual orientation. The job of parental management is the way to how kids disguise gendered messages from films and TV programs. Games are generally pretending games with players choosing their characters, For the situation of games intended for youngsters, sex differentiations rise up out of the making of characters with physical qualities reflecting magnificence for young lady characters and quality for kid characters (Villani, 2001). The characters ordinarily have obvious sexual orientation depictions with male characters with built constitution and female characters with voluptuous physical make-up. The characters in games impact sex generalizations by giving models of anticipated physical and mental qualities of young men and young ladies. These impact the advancement of personality and suspicion of jobs of youngsters. Notices express sexual orientation categorisation. In an investigation of commercials focusing on kids in the United States and Australia, there is a typical pattern towards sexual orientation generalizing. The

simpsons :: essays research papers

A few children thought find the stowaway was exhausting, as did I. Playing find the stowaway all through my neighborhood was something all the little children did. Each individual in this square knew about one another. I never had a great time since everybody consistently would get in battles and the game constantly finished early. However, for reasons unknown this game was strengthened by making groups where one group being the trackers who ensure command post and the pursued who are attempting to arrive at it before being labeled by the tracker. So in light of his there were constantly warmed contentions that transformed into battles. It was a blistering summer night and the entirety of my companions and I had chosen to get a major event of find the stowaway going down at the recreation center. This would have been the greatest game we had ever sorted out. This game comprised of around 16 individuals, which was a great deal for the size of our neighborhood. This had been what we as a whole had arranged for. Every one of those late evenings in the area planning and arranging plans to security. At last their was opportunity to demonstrate our aptitude at this game, trackers versus the pursued. I recall two or three my companions that I played with that night. Alicia, who was the rascal of the hood, was fourteen and significantly greater than I was. Chris, who was the slimmest and the tallest of the pack, we considered him the beanpole. Andrew, who had been quite a while beloved companion that constantly needed to be in the military; this game clearly gave him the motivation. At the point when we got to our goal, focal park, we set up where the command post would have been which were the bathroom slows down, since they were focused in the recreation center. We at that point built up where our domain of cutoff points expanded. There are positions in find the stowaway that on the off chance that you are gotten there, you are consequently precluded. A case of this would be on the off chance that you were trapped in the beyond the field of play an area that you would be out of the game. Next, we assembled and split into two groups. Eight against eight would approach unadulterated scholarly and key rivalry. This park was possibly the size of two football fields, which isn't a ton of ground inclusion when you’re managing groups of eight. My group wound up going out into the field first to be pursued.

Community law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Network law - Essay Example For examining how the rule of backhanded impact adequately overcomes any issues between the vertical and the even immediate impacts, the necessities for the pertinence of the immediate and circuitous impacts must be thought of. Direct impact is of two sorts, in particular Vertical Direct impact or Individual versus the State and the Horizontal Direct impact, wherein the prosecution is between Individuals. The idea of direct impact follows from the matchless quality of European Law as planned by the ECJ. This suggests on the off chance that an EC Law has direct impact, at that point such law awards rights to people, which must be maintained by the national courts. For any EC Law to have direct impact, it must fulfill two conditions. To start with, the applicable EC Law must be a piece of the perceived lawful request, i.e., it must be a settlement article, a guideline or a mandate. Furthermore, the details of the pertinent EC Law must be, for example, are proper to present rights on pe ople. Orders have vertical Direct impact just on the off chance that they have clearness, accuracy, unlimited quality in as much as they satisfy the Van Gend rules, freedom in activity and its date of usage ought to have been finished and the individual or body against whom the mandate is argued must be open body1 or a spread of the state2. This has made an obligation to attempt to decipher national law reliably with EC Law, regardless of whether is has Direct impact. This is the fundamental standard of the aberrant impact, which builds up the matchless quality of EC Law.The convention of direct impact empowers national courts to apply EC Law. Consistency is saved through the fundamental reference methodology utilizing which the national courts allude to the European Court of Justice for translation of EC Law. The ECJ is the sole expert for deciphering the different settlements of the EC. In any case, this double court framework isn't helpful for a solitary uniform interpretational utilization of EC Law. Settlement Articles ought to be worded to such an extent that they have direct impact. They should additionally satisfy the Van Gend En Loos measure and ought to have both the vertical just as the flat immediate impact. This standard expresses that the EC Treaty ought to be pertinent not exclusively to the part states yet to the people too. EC Treaty Articles will overrule any arrangement of the national law, which doesn't adjust to it, independent of whether it was passed previously or after the death of the articles. Likewise, guidelines of the EC Treaty are fit for having vertical and even direct impact. Direct appropriateness of these guidelines is empowered by Article 249 of the solidified rendition of the European Treaties. These must be implemented by the national courts. As such confinements were forced on the regulation of direct impact so as to guarantee that national courts didn't confront trouble in actualizing network law. For the use of the standard of direct impact the conditions talked about above in regard of the orders, articles and guidelines of the arrangement ought to be agreed to. At whatever point these conditions can not be satisfied and the immediate impact in not pertinent, the rule of aberrant impact will dominate and the usage of EC Law through the national courts is ensured.In the case Marshall v. Southampton Area Health Authority3 (1986) the European Court of Justice decided that the applicable Directive had direct impact as it fulfilled the four prerequisites of direct impact. It fought that Marshall could depend upon this to continue legitimately against the State. It was likewise held that the Health Authority, which was Marshall's manager, was a vital part of the State as it played out an open capacity in the interest of the State. This case is a case of the level direct impact and for this situation the wellbeing authority was viewed as a spread of the state. On account of Foster v. English Gas the Marshall standard was broadened and the European Court of Justice decided that the Directive had direct impact even against the private British Gas. This choice was

Code of Ethics Putting it into Context of Society - Free Essay Example

Almost every profession has a code of ethics it must abide by. A few individuals seem to think they are an exception. One of these individuals is Volkswagen. Volkswagen created a verity of cars stating that it could take diesel and at the same time meet the emission testing requirements. They were seen as a revolutionizing car that had all four factor an engine needs performance, emissions, durability, and fuel economy. Those were false claims made by Volkswagen to cover up the violations of the code of the ethics. The code of ethics for my major of Electrical and Computer Engineering is the same as many of the other engineering code of ethics. It is called IEEE Code of Ethics and it has a few codes to abide by. Starting with putting public safety first, to comply with the ethics code put into place and have the ability to maintain a balance when development continuous, and to make known any factor that may endanger the public. Second to avoid existing or to become aware of situations that can be used for personal gain, and to make it known to those who are involved. Third be truthful and practical about information being distributed. Fourth no bribery. Fifth improve the communities understanding and capabilities of newly coming technology. Sixth improve our abilities and to take other jobs out of our jurisdiction only if qualified or if limitations are made known. Seventh honestly reviews others, work and to make errors known and to credit those who contributed. Eighth treat all people equally and avoid racism. Ninth avoid harming others in any way possible. Finally, to assist colleagues and co-workers with their jobs and to help them maintain the code of ethics. Volkswagen broke many of these codes of ethics, but most importantly they released false claims. Volkswagen wanted to get themselves ahead of the game by creating a car that could convert diesel and still meet with the emission testing. They lied. To create a good engine four components are needed performance, emissions, durability, and fuel economy. Volkswagen sacrificed the emission portion to produce high spec engines. They cheated emission testing by writing a few lines of code into the cars computer. These lines of code will tell the car when it is being tested and it will display fake data. That is how Volkswagen covered up its violations. The code of ethics was created for a reason and it should always be there. The code of ethics is needed in the engineering field, including Electrical and Computer Engineering, because there are many ways to go wrong. People will start to develop things only for their personal gain not knowing what some of the consequences may be. Others may use their knowledge to put peoples lives in danger. Some may even cheat the system to get what they want. That is exactly what Volkswagen did. They broke the code of ethics and a few laws just to get their way.

Alis Liability for Murder Essay - 275 Words

Ali's Liability for Murder (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Student nameTitle: Ali's liability for murderSubject: Criminal lawSupervisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameDate of submissionThis paper intends to establish whether Ali is liable of the deaths of Steve and Dana by examining whether the requirements of criminal law in relation to criminal liability have been met to warrant Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal liability. Under criminal law jurisprudence, the existence of criminal liability is only justified if a person who has been accused of having committed a criminal act is found to have both the mens rea and actus reus. Mens rea is simply the the guilty mind while actus reus is described as the actual criminal act. For one to be guilty of a criminal act, these two elements must be proved. If one of the above elements is not satisfied criminal liability cannot be established.[N Lacey ,C Wells, O Quick ,Reconstructing Criminal Law: Text and Materials ( 1st Edition ,Cambridge University Press 2003 )60] To establish Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal l iability as a result of the deaths of both Steve and Dana, it is important that mens rea and actus reus be established. As pertains to the actus reus in the current case scenario, Ali can possibly be blamed for committing an act that led to Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death as well as contributing to Danaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s suicide. Nonetheless, the actual actus reus is hard to prove in the current case scenario as the acts leading to the deaths of both Steve and Dana do not constitute to sufficient actus reus on the part of Ali. As a matter of fact, criminal liability must accrue out of the coexistence of the above elements.[Reconstructing Criminal Law( n 1 above)] For instance, if A conceives the idea of killing B on a Monday but accidentally runs over B on a Tuesday, A is not guilty of murder. That being the case, Ali cannot be said to have committed the two murders as he did not actually commit acts that led to the actual deaths of the two. The only evidence that can be used against him is a mer e feeling of hate towards Steve and the excitement of inheriting the property of his wife. The fire that led to the unfortunate incident was accidentally cased by Ali and was never intended to kill Steve. In fact, leaving Steve to burn in the club was only an afterthought .Ali felt that it was a good opportunity for him to let Steve burn inside the burning club at the time of accident. This feeling and taking advantage of the fire leaves Ali with enough mens rea as intention to kill can be traced. His decision to let Steve burn constitutes an intention to kill which can be used against him assuming Steve died in the fire. In Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55 the defendant was found to possess sufficient mens rea for committing murder for committing an act that she had foreseen that would cause grievous bodily harm. In the present scenario, Ali left Steve to burn in the club an act that exposed Steve to a probable danger of burning to death which was in fact the reason behind him leaving Stev e in the burning club.[J O'riordan, A2 law for OCR (1 edn, Oxford, Heinemann Educational 2003)] According to the facts presented in the present case scenario, Steve did not die in the fire but his cause of death was purely due to the negligence of the para-medic who attended him. Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death is therefore as a result of medical negligence as opposed to the fire caused by Ali.A rational argument that Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s action of leaving Steve to burn in the club contributed to his death as he could not have been exposed to medical negligence if Ali had not left him in the danger of burning would seem to hold Ali liable for Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death. In California v Lewis (1899) (California), the defendant short his the victim causing him a band wound which could have worsened with time. The victim later cut his own throat leading to his own death. It was held that the defendant was still guilty of manslaughter even though the as shooting the victim remained an operative substa ntial cause of death. What would expel this kind of argument is the real cause of fire. The fire was due to accident as opposed to intentional setting of the said fire. The concept of operative substantial cause would therefore prove to be difficult to sustain.[J Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬riordan(n 3 above)] Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal liability in Danaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s suicide cannot be justified due to the following reasons. In crimes relating to suicide, one can only be guilty of encouraging suicide or committing a suicide pact. UK law provides under section 2 of the Suicide Act 1961 that a person is guilty of an offense if it can be proved that he or she has acted in a manner that of encourages or aids another to commit suicide. It is also an offence if one is found to have committed an act that amounts to an attempted suicide of another party, and that act was projected to promote or assist suicide. Under the UK law, this offence is known as encouraging or assisting suicide.[Director of Public Prosecutions Cpsgovuk, '' (Cpsgovuk,/publications/prosecution/assisted_suicide_policy.html accessed 8 ... Alis Liability for Murder Essay - 275 Words Ali's Liability for Murder (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Student nameTitle: Ali's liability for murderSubject: Criminal lawSupervisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameDate of submissionThis paper intends to establish whether Ali is liable of the deaths of Steve and Dana by examining whether the requirements of criminal law in relation to criminal liability have been met to warrant Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal liability. Under criminal law jurisprudence, the existence of criminal liability is only justified if a person who has been accused of having committed a criminal act is found to have both the mens rea and actus reus. Mens rea is simply the the guilty mind while actus reus is described as the actual criminal act. For one to be guilty of a criminal act, these two elements must be proved. If one of the above elements is not satisfied criminal liability cannot be established.[N Lacey ,C Wells, O Quick ,Reconstructing Criminal Law: Text and Materials ( 1st Edition ,Cambridge University Press 2003 )60] To establish Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal l iability as a result of the deaths of both Steve and Dana, it is important that mens rea and actus reus be established. As pertains to the actus reus in the current case scenario, Ali can possibly be blamed for committing an act that led to Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death as well as contributing to Danaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s suicide. Nonetheless, the actual actus reus is hard to prove in the current case scenario as the acts leading to the deaths of both Steve and Dana do not constitute to sufficient actus reus on the part of Ali. As a matter of fact, criminal liability must accrue out of the coexistence of the above elements.[Reconstructing Criminal Law( n 1 above)] For instance, if A conceives the idea of killing B on a Monday but accidentally runs over B on a Tuesday, A is not guilty of murder. That being the case, Ali cannot be said to have committed the two murders as he did not actually commit acts that led to the actual deaths of the two. The only evidence that can be used against him is a mer e feeling of hate towards Steve and the excitement of inheriting the property of his wife. The fire that led to the unfortunate incident was accidentally cased by Ali and was never intended to kill Steve. In fact, leaving Steve to burn in the club was only an afterthought .Ali felt that it was a good opportunity for him to let Steve burn inside the burning club at the time of accident. This feeling and taking advantage of the fire leaves Ali with enough mens rea as intention to kill can be traced. His decision to let Steve burn constitutes an intention to kill which can be used against him assuming Steve died in the fire. In Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55 the defendant was found to possess sufficient mens rea for committing murder for committing an act that she had foreseen that would cause grievous bodily harm. In the present scenario, Ali left Steve to burn in the club an act that exposed Steve to a probable danger of burning to death which was in fact the reason behind him leaving Stev e in the burning club.[J O'riordan, A2 law for OCR (1 edn, Oxford, Heinemann Educational 2003)] According to the facts presented in the present case scenario, Steve did not die in the fire but his cause of death was purely due to the negligence of the para-medic who attended him. Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death is therefore as a result of medical negligence as opposed to the fire caused by Ali.A rational argument that Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s action of leaving Steve to burn in the club contributed to his death as he could not have been exposed to medical negligence if Ali had not left him in the danger of burning would seem to hold Ali liable for Steveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s death. In California v Lewis (1899) (California), the defendant short his the victim causing him a band wound which could have worsened with time. The victim later cut his own throat leading to his own death. It was held that the defendant was still guilty of manslaughter even though the as shooting the victim remained an operative substa ntial cause of death. What would expel this kind of argument is the real cause of fire. The fire was due to accident as opposed to intentional setting of the said fire. The concept of operative substantial cause would therefore prove to be difficult to sustain.[J Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬riordan(n 3 above)] Alià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s criminal liability in Danaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s suicide cannot be justified due to the following reasons. In crimes relating to suicide, one can only be guilty of encouraging suicide or committing a suicide pact. UK law provides under section 2 of the Suicide Act 1961 that a person is guilty of an offense if it can be proved that he or she has acted in a manner that of encourages or aids another to commit suicide. It is also an offence if one is found to have committed an act that amounts to an attempted suicide of another party, and that act was projected to promote or assist suicide. Under the UK law, this offence is known as encouraging or assisting suicide.[Director of Public Prosecutions Cpsgovuk, '' (Cpsgovuk,/publications/prosecution/assisted_suicide_policy.html accessed 8 ...